Cancún, Quintana Roo.— 𝘓𝘢 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘯𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘚𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘰 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘥𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘴ú𝘴 𝘴𝘦 𝘤𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘣𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘭 𝘷𝘪𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘶𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘢 𝘭𝘢 𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘯𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘱𝘶𝘴 𝘊𝘩𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘪, 𝘤𝘢𝘴𝘪 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘰 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢 𝘴𝘶𝘨𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘳𝘯𝘰𝘴 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘌𝘶𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵í𝘢 𝘯𝘰 𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘵𝘳𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘦𝘭 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘮𝘪𝘴𝘮𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘴ú𝘴, 𝘥𝘦 𝘈𝘲𝘶𝘦𝘭 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘥𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘤𝘶𝘪𝘥𝘢 𝘥𝘦 𝘯𝘰𝘴𝘰𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘴. 𝘌𝘯 𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘢 𝘮𝘪𝘴𝘮𝘢 𝘧𝘦𝘤𝘩𝘢, 𝘭𝘢 𝘐𝘨𝘭𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘢 𝘤𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘣𝘳𝘢 𝘭𝘢 𝘑𝘰𝘳𝘯𝘢𝘥𝘢 𝘮𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘥𝘦 𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘪ó𝘯 𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘢 𝘚𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘤𝘪ó𝘯 𝘥𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘴 𝘚𝘢𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘥𝘰𝘵𝘦𝘴.
𝘗𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘧𝘶𝘦 𝘶𝘯 𝘴𝘢𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘥𝘰𝘵𝘦, 𝘦𝘭 𝘯𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘰 𝘑𝘶𝘢𝘯 𝘌𝘶𝘥𝘦𝘴, 𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘦𝘯 𝘤𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘣𝘳ó 𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘢 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘢 𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘢 𝘷𝘦𝘻 𝘦𝘭 20 𝘥𝘦 𝘰𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘣𝘳𝘦 𝘥𝘦 1672. 𝘗𝘦𝘳𝘰 𝘺𝘢 𝘢𝘭𝘨𝘶𝘯𝘢𝘴 𝘮í𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘴 𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘌𝘥𝘢𝘥 𝘔𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘢 —𝘔𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘥𝘢 𝘥𝘦 𝘔𝘢𝘨𝘥𝘦𝘣𝘶𝘳𝘨𝘰 (1212-1283), 𝘔𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘥𝘦 𝘥𝘦 𝘏𝘢𝘤𝘬𝘦𝘣𝘰𝘳𝘯 (1241-1298) 𝘺 𝘎𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘥𝘪𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘏𝘦𝘭𝘧𝘵𝘢 (1256-1302)—, 𝘢𝘴í 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘰 𝘦𝘭 𝘥𝘰𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘰 𝘉𝘦𝘢𝘵𝘰 𝘌𝘯𝘳𝘪𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘚𝘶𝘴𝘰 (1295 – 1366), 𝘩𝘢𝘣í𝘢𝘯 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘢𝘥𝘰 𝘭𝘢 𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘰𝘤𝘪ó𝘯 𝘢𝘭 𝘚𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘰 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘥𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘴ú𝘴.
𝘈 𝘭𝘢 𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘶𝘴𝘪ó𝘯 𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘣𝘶𝘺𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘯 𝘭𝘢𝘴 𝘳𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘷𝘢𝘥𝘢𝘴 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘣𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘴 𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘢 𝘳𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘰𝘴𝘢 𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘢 𝘔𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘢 𝘔𝘢𝘳í𝘢 𝘈𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘰𝘲𝘶𝘦 (1647-1690). 𝘔𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘢 𝘈𝘭𝘢𝘤𝘰𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘷𝘪𝘷í𝘢 𝘦𝘯 𝘦𝘭 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘷𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘗𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘺-𝘭𝘦-𝘔𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘢𝘭 (𝘍𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘢) 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘥𝘦 1671. 𝘛𝘦𝘯í𝘢 𝘺𝘢 𝘧𝘢𝘮𝘢 𝘥𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘯 𝘮í𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘢 𝘤𝘶𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘰 𝘦𝘭 27 𝘥𝘦 𝘥𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘮𝘣𝘳𝘦 𝘥𝘦 1673 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘣𝘪ó 𝘭𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘢 𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘢 𝘥𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘴ú𝘴, 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘴𝘰 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘳 𝘤𝘰𝘯 𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘢 𝘭𝘰𝘴 𝘴𝘶𝘧𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘴𝘶 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘳𝘦𝘣𝘰𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘥𝘦 𝘢𝘮𝘰𝘳 𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘦𝘭 𝘗𝘢𝘥𝘳𝘦 𝘺 𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘰𝘥𝘢 𝘭𝘢 𝘩𝘶𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘥, 𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘮𝘪𝘴𝘮𝘰 𝘮𝘰𝘥𝘰 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪ó 𝘤𝘰𝘯 𝘦𝘭 𝘥𝘪𝘴𝘤í𝘱𝘶𝘭𝘰 𝘑𝘶𝘢𝘯 𝘥𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘭𝘢 Ú𝘭𝘵𝘪𝘮𝘢 𝘊𝘦𝘯𝘢. «𝘔𝘪 𝘥𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘯𝘰 𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘦𝘴𝘵á 𝘵𝘢𝘯 𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘢𝘥𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘢𝘮𝘰𝘳 𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘢 𝘩𝘶𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘥 𝘲𝘶𝘦, 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘻 𝘥𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳 𝘦𝘯 𝘴í 𝘮𝘪𝘴𝘮𝘰 𝘭𝘢𝘴 𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘢𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘴𝘶 𝘢𝘳𝘥𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘥, 𝘥𝘦𝘣𝘦 𝘥𝘪𝘧𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘭𝘢𝘴. 𝘛𝘦 𝘩𝘦 𝘦𝘭𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘥𝘰 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘦 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘺𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘰”, 𝘭𝘦 𝘥𝘪𝘤𝘦.𝘈𝘭 𝘢ñ𝘰 𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘶𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦, 𝘔𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘢 𝘵𝘶𝘷𝘰 𝘰𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘴 𝘥𝘰𝘴 𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴. 𝘌𝘯 𝘭𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘢 𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘪ó 𝘦𝘭 𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘥𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘴ú𝘴 𝘦𝘯 𝘶𝘯 𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘢𝘴, 𝘮á𝘴 𝘣𝘳𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘦𝘭 𝘴𝘰𝘭 𝘺 𝘮á𝘴 𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘴𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘦𝘭 𝘤𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘭, 𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘢𝘥𝘰 𝘥𝘦 𝘶𝘯𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘢 𝘥𝘦 𝘦𝘴𝘱𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘴; 𝘦𝘯 𝘭𝘢 𝘴𝘦𝘨𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘢, 𝘔𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘭ó 𝘢 𝘊𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘰 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘥𝘦 𝘨𝘭𝘰𝘳𝘪𝘢, 𝘤𝘰𝘯 𝘳𝘢𝘺𝘰𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘭𝘶𝘻 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘭í𝘢𝘯 𝘴𝘶 𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘩𝘰 𝘺 𝘴𝘦 𝘦𝘹𝘱𝘢𝘯𝘥í𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘰𝘥𝘰𝘴 𝘭𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘴. 𝘑𝘦𝘴ú𝘴 𝘭𝘦 𝘩𝘢𝘣𝘭ó 𝘥𝘦 𝘯𝘶𝘦𝘷𝘰 𝘺 𝘭𝘦 𝘱𝘪𝘥𝘪ó 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘶𝘭𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘢 𝘤𝘢𝘥𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘳 𝘷𝘪𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘯𝘶𝘦𝘷𝘦 𝘮𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘰𝘴, 𝘺 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘴𝘦 𝘱𝘰𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘢𝘴𝘦 𝘦𝘯 𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘳𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘯 𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘪ó𝘯 𝘥𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘶𝘯𝘢 𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘯 𝘭𝘢 𝘯𝘰𝘤𝘩𝘦 𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘴 𝘫𝘶𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘴 𝘺 𝘭𝘰𝘴 𝘷𝘪𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘴. 𝘕𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘴í 𝘭𝘢𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘷𝘰𝘤𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘴 𝘯𝘶𝘦𝘷𝘦 𝘷𝘪𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘺 𝘥𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘩𝘰𝘳𝘢 𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘢 𝘥𝘦 𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘪ó𝘯.𝘌𝘯 𝘶𝘯𝘢 𝘤𝘶𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘢 𝘷𝘪𝘴𝘪ó𝘯, 𝘊𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵𝘰 𝘭𝘦 𝘱𝘪𝘥𝘪ó 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘴𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘵𝘶𝘺𝘦𝘳𝘢 𝘶𝘯𝘢 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘢 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢 𝘩𝘰𝘯𝘳𝘢𝘳 𝘴𝘶 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘺 𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢𝘳, 𝘮𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘪ó𝘯, 𝘭𝘢𝘴 𝘰𝘧𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘢𝘴 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘣𝘦. 𝘋𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘦 𝘥𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘴ú𝘴, 𝘔𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘢 𝘵𝘢𝘮𝘣𝘪é𝘯 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘣𝘪ó 𝘶𝘯𝘢 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘯 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘴𝘢 𝘥𝘦 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘥ó𝘯: 𝘲𝘶𝘪𝘦𝘯 𝘴𝘦 𝘢𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘢 𝘭𝘢 𝘌𝘶𝘤𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵í𝘢 𝘺 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘶𝘭𝘨𝘶𝘦 𝘥𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘯𝘶𝘦𝘷𝘦 𝘮𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘰𝘴 𝘦𝘭 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘳 𝘷𝘪𝘦𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘮𝘦𝘴, 𝘤𝘰𝘯 𝘦𝘴𝘱í𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘶 𝘥𝘦 𝘦𝘹𝘱𝘪𝘢𝘤𝘪ó𝘯 𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘢𝘴 𝘰𝘧𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘢𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘭 𝘚𝘢𝘯𝘵í𝘴𝘪𝘮𝘰 𝘚𝘢𝘤𝘳𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰, 𝘢𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘰, 𝘩𝘰𝘯𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘰 𝘺 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘰𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘰 𝘢𝘭 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘥𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘴ú𝘴, 𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘣𝘪𝘳á 𝘦𝘭 𝘥𝘰𝘯 𝘥𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘢 𝘧𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘭, 𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘳, 𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘳á 𝘴𝘶 𝘷𝘪𝘥𝘢 𝘤𝘰𝘯 𝘭𝘢 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘢 𝘥𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘴 𝘴𝘢𝘤𝘳𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘰𝘴 𝘺 𝘥𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘪𝘴𝘪ó𝘯 𝘥𝘦 𝘴𝘶𝘴 𝘰𝘧𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘢𝘴 𝘢 𝘋𝘪𝘰𝘴 𝘺 𝘢𝘭 𝘱𝘳ó𝘫𝘪𝘮𝘰.
𝘌𝘯 1856, 𝘗í𝘰 𝘐𝘟 𝘰𝘳𝘥𝘦𝘯ó 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘭𝘢 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘢 𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘚𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘰 𝘊𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯 𝘧𝘶𝘦𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘹𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘥𝘢 𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦 𝘢 𝘵𝘰𝘥𝘢 𝘭𝘢 𝘐𝘨𝘭𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘢. 𝘌𝘯 1995, 𝘚𝘢𝘯 𝘑𝘶𝘢𝘯 𝘗𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘰 𝘐𝘐 𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘵𝘶𝘺ó 𝘦𝘯 𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘦 𝘮𝘪𝘴𝘮𝘰 𝘥í𝘢 𝘭𝘢 𝘑𝘰𝘳𝘯𝘢𝘥𝘢 𝘔𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘥𝘦 𝘖𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘪ó𝘯 𝘱𝘰𝘳 𝘭𝘢 𝘚𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘤𝘪ó𝘯 𝘥𝘦𝘭 𝘊𝘭𝘦𝘳𝘰, 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘦 𝘑𝘦𝘴ú𝘴 𝘤𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘥𝘪𝘦 𝘦𝘭 𝘴𝘢𝘤𝘦𝘳𝘥𝘰𝘤𝘪𝘰 𝘦𝘯 𝘴𝘶 𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘻ó𝘯.